Electricity:

Electricity is a form of energy. Electricity is the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms, and an atom has a center, called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton, and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. When electrons are "lost" from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an electric current.

Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. In the mid-1800s, everyone's life changed with the inventionof the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. The lightbulb's invention used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes.

Electricity sector in Bangladesh:

Bangladesh's energy infrastructure is quite small, insufficient and poorly managed. The per capita energy consumption in Bangladesh is one of the lowest (136 kWH) in the world. Noncommercial energy sources, such as wood, animal wastes, and crop residues, are estimated to account for over half of the country's energy consumption. Bangladesh has small reserves of oil and coal, but very large natural gas resources. Commercial energy consumption is mostly natural gas (around 66%), followed by oil, hydropower and coal.

Electricity is the major source of power for country's most of the economic activities. Bangladesh's installed electric generation capacity was 4.7 GW in 2009; only three-fourth of which is considered to be ‘available’. Only 40% of the population has access to electricity with a per capita availability of 136 kWh per annum. Problems in the Bangladesh's electric power sector include corruption in administration, high system losses, delays in completion of new plants, low plant efficiencies, erratic power supply, electricity theft, blackouts, and shortages of funds for power plant maintenance. Overall, the country's generation plants have been unable to meet system demand over the past decade.

In generating and distributing electricity, the failure to adequately manage the load leads to extensive load shedding which results in severe disruption in the industrial production and other economic activities. A recent survey reveals that power outages result in a loss of industrial output worth $1 billion a year which reduces the GDP growth by about half a percentage point in Bangladesh. A major hurdle in efficiently delivering power is caused by the inefficient distribution system. It is estimated that the total transmission and distribution losses in Bangladesh amount to one-third of the total generation, the value of which is equal to US $247 million per year.

Renewable energy

Bangladesh has 15 MW solar energy capacities through rural households and 1.9 MW wind power in Kutubdia and Feni. Bangladesh has planned to produce 5% of total power generation by 2015 & 10% by 2020 from renewable energy sources like air, waste & solar energy.

Types of power plants:

Gas power plants:

Gas power plants use fuels that are burned to create hot gases to spin the turbine.

Nuclear power plants:

Nuclear generators use nuclear fission to turn water into steam. This drives the steam turbine, which spins a generator to produce power. A pound of highly enriched uranium can power a nuclear submarine or nuclear aircraft carrier is equal to something on the order of a million gallons of gasoline.

Wind power plants:

Wind power plants are the wind to push against the turbine blades, spinning the copper wires inside the generator to create an electric current.

Natural Gas Fired Power Plants:

Natural Gas fired (including LNG fired) power plants account for almost 20 % of the world’s electricity generation. These power plants use Gas Turbines or Gas Turbine based combined cycles. Gas turbines in the simple cycle mode, only Gas turbines running, have an efficiency of 32 % to 38 %. The most important parameter that dictates the efficiency is the maximum gas temperature possible. The latest Gas Turbines with technological advances in materials and aerodynamics has efficiencies unto 38 %.

Diesel Engines:

Diesel engines, large capacity industrial engines, deliver efficiencies in the range of 35 – 42 %.

The power industry is trying to increase this conversion efficiency of power plants to maximize electricity generation and reduce environmental impact.

Water power plant:

Water power plant use water flow.

Geothermal power plant:

Geothermal power plants are eam power plants that tap into steam released from the earth. Once used the water is returned to the ground.

Recent plans:

The Ministry of Power and Energy has been mobilizing Tk 40,000 crore ($5.88 billion) to generate 5,000 MW of electricity to reduce load shedding into a tolerable level within next four and half years during the term of the present government. Under the plan, the Power Development Board (PDB) would produce 500 MW gas-fired electricity between July and December 2009 to over come load shedding within December. The PDB would hire furnace-oil based 1,000MW of electricity from private sector from January to June 2010, the plan said. In 2011, the government would install furnace-oil based 800 MW capacity of power plant. The PDB officials would seek suitable place to establish the plant, a senior official of the PDB said. Besides the government would also hire another diesel or furnace oil based power plant having capacity of 700 MW in 2012 to keep load shedding into mild level, the official said. However, the government also contemplates to establish four coal-fired based power plants with capacity of producing 500 MW of electricity each with public and private partnership (PPP) in Rajshahi and Chittagong region. The government has initially tried to create fund of Tk 6,000 crore ($1 billion) to implement the plan, sources said. The power division has tried to utilise the government's budgetary allocation of Tk. 2000 crore for PPP in this regard, sources added. "If we can create the fund of Tk. 6,000 crore, it would be possible also to mobilise Tk 40,000 crore under ppp to produce 5,000 MW of electricity within four and half years," PDB chairman ASM Alamgir Kabir told the New Nation on 29 June 2009. During the meeting, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina permitted the power division to implement the PDB plan to reduce load shedding up to a tolerable level. Prime Minister's Adviser for Power and Energy Dr Tawfiq-e-Elahi Bir Bikram, State Minister for Power and Energy Shamsul Haque Tuku, Power Division Secretary Md Abul Kalam, PDB Chairman ASM Alamgir Kabir were present. Recently prime minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurated a power plant at Chandpur.

History Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd. (APSCL):

Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd. (APSCL) owns the second largest power station in Bangladesh. The installed capacity by its 8 units is 724 MW and present de-rated capacity is 642 MW. Ashuganj Power Station fulfills about 15% of power requirements of the country.

Background of Ashuganj Power Station :

In 1966 the then government decided to setup a power station in Ashuganj. Ashuganj is situated near Titas Gas Field and at the bank of the river Meghna. So it was the most favorable place for power station because of availability of natural resources for power generation. For this purpose about 311 acre lands at the 1 kilometer north-east away from the Meghna Railway Bridge was acquired.

In the same year with the financial assistance of German Government the establishment work of two units each of 64 MW (Unit 1 & Unit 2) started. These two units were commissioned in July 1970. M/S BBC (Germany) and M/S Babcock & Wilcox (Germany) supplied the turbo-generator and boiler equipment. These two units played an important role in post-liberation war economic development in Bangladesh.

To face the growing requirements for power in the country- Government of Bangladesh decided to setup another two units (Unit 3 & Unit 4) each of 150 MW capacities in Ashuganj. IDA, KfW (Germany), ADB, Kuwait and OPEC provided the financial assistance for this project. Contracts had been made for supplying and installation of turbo-generator, boiler and other main equipments for these two units with M/S BBC (Germany), M/S IHI (Japan), M/S KDC (Korea) and M/S PCC (Korea).

Ater the agreements signing with the contractors, government found that another unit of 150 MW can be established from the left over funds by the donors. With the consent from the donors, Government decided to setup another 150 MW unit (Unit 5).

The work for installation of Unit 3 & 4 was started in 1984 and Unit 5 in 1985. Unit 3, Unit 4 and Unit 5 were commissioned in December 1986, May 1987 and March 1988 respectively.

Anning of installation of Unit 3 & 4 it was decided to install a Combined Cycle Power Plant by financial assistance of British Government. According to that decision, works of two gas turbine units (GT1 & GT2) of 56 MW each and one steam turbine unit (ST1) of capacity 34 MW ( with waste heat recovery Boiler ) had been started. GT1, GT2 and CCST were commissioned in 1982, 1984 and 1986 respectively.

Meghnaghat CCGT Power Plant, Bangladesh:

450MW

Plant type

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT)

Location

Output

Meghnaghat, Bangladesh

Estimated investment

$300 million

Completion

November 2002

Sponsor

The plant was built by AES Corp, and has since been sold to CDC Globeleq

Lead contractor

Hyundai Engineering and Construction

Full specifications

Construction:

Meghnaghat was constructed by Hyundai Engineering and Construction, using Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines fed by natural gas.

The plant uses two V94.2 gas turbines with air-cooled generator from Ansaldo Energia s.p.a. The V94.2 is a single shaft, cold-end drive dual combustor with 16 burners and a heavy-duty gas turbine. It includes a 16-stage axial compressor and a 4-stage axial turbine with a common rotor.

The generator is of a conventional design for use with gas turbines. The air-cooled, two-pole machine has a cylindrical rotor and is ventilated in closed circuit configuration using air-to-water heat exchangers located in the lower part of the stator frame. Dry low-NOx combustors achieve the guaranteed NOx emission level. Steam or water injection is not required.

Bangladesh aims to set up a nuclear power plant by 2015:

Bangladesh has decided to set up a 600-1000 MW nuclear power plant by 2015 and would submit a plan to International Atomic Energy Agency for its technical assistance for construction of plant by next month.

"Our aim is to bring the nuclear power plant into production by 2015," Chief of country's Atomic Energy Commission Shafiqul Islam Bhuiyan was quoted as saying by the New Age newspaper on Monday.

Bhuiyan, who has returned on Sunday from Vienna after participating in a five-day IAEA conference, said that Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission was set to submit the plan to IAEA for its technical assistance for the proposed plant by next month. The total investment for setting up a power plant would be around USD1-1.5 billion, he said.

Energy adviser of the interim cabinet Tapan Chowdhury, who led the country's delegation to Vienna, held talks with China, India and Pakistan for setting up nuclear power plant and also got positive responses, the report said.

Chowdhury, seeking technical assistance from the nuclear watch dog, also held meetings with IAEA officials including its director general Mohamed Al Mohamed El Baradi.

The IAEA, assuring its assistance in setting up a nuclear power plant for generating electricity, has given Dhaka a "green signal" to explore places for establishment of the proposed nuclear power plant in northwestern Pabna two months ago, the report said.

An IAEA delegation was also expected to visit the country between December and January.

The severe power crisis has led to long hours of loadshedding affecting both, the industries as well as public. There is demand of 5,000 MW during peak hours against the production of 3,600 megawatts.

Nuclear power plant

Bangladesh plans to set up the 1,000 MW nuclear power plant at Rooppur, 200 km (125 miles) northwest of the capital Dhaka, by 2011.⁰⁰¹

Fig: National Electricity Transmission Grid of Bangladesh

Grid Summary:

Bangladesh has small reserves of oil and coal, but potentially very large natural gas resources. Commercial energy consumption is around 71% natural gas, with the remainder almost entirely oil (plus limited amounts of hydropower and coal). Only around 18% of the population (25% in urban areas and 10% in rural areas) has access to electricity, and per capita commercial energy consumption is among the lowest in the world. Noncommercial energy sources, such as wood, animal wastes, and crop residues, are estimated to account for over half of the country's energy consumption. Consumption of wood for fuel has contributed to deforestation and other environmental problems in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh's installed electric generating capacity in 2000 was 3.8 gigawatts (GW), of which 94% was thermal (mainly natural-gas-fired), and the remainder hydroelectric, at 18 power stations. With only around 18% of the population connected to the electricity grid, and with power demand growing rapidly (10% annually from 1974-1994; 7% annually from 1995-1997), Bangladesh's Power System Master Plan (PSMP) projects a required doubling of electric generating capacity by 2010.

The Padma-Jamuna-Meghna river system divides Bangladesh into two zones, East and West. The East contains nearly all of the country's electric generating capacity, while the West, with almost no natural resources, must import power from the East. Electricity interconnection from the East to the West was accomplished in 1982 by a new, 230-kilovolt (kV) power transmission line. The vast majority of Bangladesh's electricity consumption takes place in the East, with the entire region west of the Jamuna River accounting for only 22% of the total. Greater Dhaka alone consumes around half of Bangladeshi electricity.

Discussions have been underway for several years about the possibility of Bangladesh connection its electric grid to those of India, Nepal, and Bhutan. Nepal and Bhutan have substantial untapped hydroelectricity potential. This power could be consumed in those two countries and also exported to India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. In March 1999, it was reported that India's Power Grid Corporation had completed a feasibility study on possible exchange of 150 MW of power between Bangladesh and India. Interconnection points would be Ishwardi, Bangladesh-Farakka, India and Shahjibazar, Bangladesh-Kurnarghat, India.

Suitable Environment

Load Shedding of Electricity in Bangladesh

Posted in Bangladesh, Environment, Environmental Issue, Load Shedding of Electricity, Load Shedding of Electricity in Bangladesh by Khaled Saifullah on April 16, 2009

Photo: The New Nation

Bangladesh is facing huge load shedding of electricity. Almost all part of Dhaka having load shedding of electricity everyday at least four to five hours eveyday. In Karwan Bazar, power disruption occurred five times with more than five hours of outage between 8:00am and 5:00pm and in 24 hours almost eight to nine hours. Multiple power cuts for periods totaling six to seven hours occurred in Eskaton Garden, Dhanmondi, Kalabagan, Moghbazar, Khilgaon, Goran, Shahjahanpur, Mohammadpur, Banani, Uttara and other places.

Every summer Bangladesh face huge load shedding problem. According to the official statistics, the country’s electricity shortage gone up 1000 megawatts (MW) to 1259 MW with the demand of 4806 MW on 2006. Authority said this year (2009) about 1400 MW to 1800 MW electricity shortage will face this year, which is almost twice more than last year and the country need about 5000 MW. So this summer we might face the problem that’s we have not face last ten years. In Bangladesh electricity power is not generate as much as our demand. So every summer we face huge load shedding and people are suffering, but in winter there is almost not load shedding. In summer temperatures goes up to around 40° Celsius. So in this situation if there is load-shedding of electricity people face uncertain condition.

Power Development Board (PDB) sources said while the official power demand was just 5000MW, the unofficial demand was hovering around 6000 MW. The officially estimated power demand is 5000 MW against a generation of around 3500 MW. Around 1500 MW power could not be generated due to short supply of gas to many power plants. Gas is a major concern also because several new gas-fired power plants with nearly 1000 MW generation capacity are expected to be drafted into service this year. “We are expecting 200MW new power generation from May. If we cannot ensure the gas supplies, it will become meaningless” PDB pointed out.

A PDB official said the real power situation was worse than the official picture. “The Rural Electrification Board (REB) needs 2500 MW, but is given less than half of that. Dhaka Electricity Supply Authority (DESA) and Dhaka Electric Supply Company (DESCO) need more than 2000 MW power and the PDB needs another 2000 MW,” he added.

On 2007 government said by 2010 Bangladesh will be a load shedding free country. “We have set a target to generate sufficient electricity by the year 2010 to reach a level where there will be no load shedding,” said Mirza Azizul Islam, finance and planning adviser. But we don’t see any result of it day by day the rate of load shedding is increasing.

Electricity/Heat in Bangladesh in 2008

	Electricity	Heat
Production from:	Unit: GWh	Unit: TJ
- coal	638	0
- oil	1739	0
- gas	31106	0
- biomass	0	0
- waste	0	0
- nuclear	0	0
- hydro*	1474
- geothermal	0	0
- solar PV	0
- solar thermal	0	0
- wind	0	0
- tide	0	0
- other sources	0	0
Total Production	34957	0
Imports	0	0
Exports	0	0
Domestic Supply	34957	0
Statistical Differences	468	0
Transformation**	0
Electricity Plants	0	0
Heat Plants***	0	0
Energy Industry Own Use****	1963	0
Losses	1689	0
Final Consumption	31773	0
Industry	17897	0
Transport	0	0
Residential	10457	0
Commercial and Public Services	1920	0
Agriculture / Forestry	1072	0
Fishing	0	0
Other Non-Specified	427	0

*Includes production from pumped storage plants.

** Transformation includes electricity used by heat pumps and electricity used by electric boilers.

*** Heat shown in this row represents waste heat bought from other industries that is generated from combustible fuels.

**** Energy industry own use also includes own use by plant and electricity used for pumped storage.

Bangladesh and India sign electricity deal:

Bangladesh and India signed a power transmission agreement Monday for electricity to be imported to energy-starved Bangladesh.

Initially, 250 megawatts of power would be available to Bangladesh from India, with transmission to start in 2012.

Under the deal, state-owned Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. will invest and construct 50 miles of transmission line, which it will own, operate and maintain. PGCIL will recover the construction costs under a fixed rate over 35 years.

While the agreement is limited to importing 500 megawatts of electricity from India, state-owned Bangladesh Power Development Board Chairman Alamgir Kabir said that more interconnections might be built in the future with Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar to ensure greater energy security.

The agreement is the result of a memorandum of understanding signed in January during Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina's visit to New Delhi.

Bangladeshi Finance Minister AMA Muhith commended the speed in which the agreement was reached, adding that he hopes "the pace will continue in implementing the project," Bangladesh's Daily Star newspaper reports.

Just 47 percent of the population in Bangladesh has electricity, says the government. Its goal is to provide electricity to all citizens by 2020.

Severe power outages are the norm, as the country witnesses a deficit of 1,000

to 1,500 megawatts of power, exacerbated by a fast-growing economy.

The International Monetary Fund said in April that Bangladesh's economy would slide to 5 percent a year -- the worst performance in eight years -- due largely to the country's worsening energy crisis.

Earlier this month Muhith urged investment in Bangladesh's ailing power sector to speed up the country's economic growth.

"We are in a critical situation due to a power crisis," he said.

While Bangladesh has maintained a gross domestic product growth rate of more than 5 percent since 1995, he said, it has the potential to reach 8 percent.

"The country has (a) huge prospect of phenomenal growth if the power crisis can be mitigated," said Muhith.

Bangladesh would need $9.32 billion to generate around 7,000 megawatts of electricity in the private sector by 2015 and about $3.84 billion to generate around 4,000 megawatts in the public sector, said Kabir of the power development board.

In May, Bangladesh and Russia signed a framework agreement for Bangladesh's first nuclear plant, expected to produce at least 2,000 megawatts of electricity by 2020. Bangladesh aims to have nuclear energy account for 10 percent of its total power generation by that time.

Electricity Shortage Problem in Bangladesh:

Bangladesh has been facing electricity shortage for many years. In last few years this problem was not serious but in this year 2010 the problem has exceeded the common people's patient. People are facing heavy load shading problem. In this hot summer people have to stay ten to twelve hours without electricity. If the authority keeps run for one hour another one hour they have to stay without electricity.

Bangladesh is located in tropical region. So almost all the year is summer except few months. In summer season temperature rises up to 40 degree celcius. So, it's too hot. People cannot use AC or fan for load shading in this country when the electricity goes away.

Like other professionals students, businessman, online home worker, computer user, industrialists are badly victim of this problem seriously.

In this modern age the power is the main and fundamental demand for common people to the government but the government is failed to meet this demand.

After achieving independence the government has come and gone but no govt has thought about this essential service for common people. Specially ministry of power, Ministry of planning and chief of the country and ministry of finance are responsible for this situation. All of them has shown negligence in this important sector.

Bangladesh is a over populated country. more than 1617 peoples live in per square mile. To keep pace with population govt should establish power plant project but no govt has done this important job. So, common people of Bangladesh are frustrated to see this kind of attitude of Bangladesh Government. They have been suffering incredible inconveniences in this summer.

As a conscious citizen I am condemning all government's policy about electrification policy all over the country. Present government(Awamiligue) was also in power several times in the past. So, present government, past government (BNP) and Jatio Party all are also responsible for this present electricity crisis.

After entering in power no government has done nothing for development in this sector. So the present Government should proper steps to recover this problem on urgent basis. Simultaneously they should implement long term project which will be helpful to recover this power shortage and it will be in normal position for next 50 years. From now they have to take plan and pass it in the Bangladesh parliament.

How will Bangladesh Develop if electricity

is being with us like a curse:

Bangladesh is facing huge load shedding of electricity. Almost all part of Bangladesh having load shedding of electricity everyday at least four to five hours everyday. In many places, power disruption occurred five times with more than five hours of outage between 8:00am and 5:00pm and in 24 hours almost eight to nine hours. Multiple power cuts for periods totaling six to seven hours occurred in Dhaka, Chittagong and many other places.

Every summer Bangladesh face huge load shedding problem. According to the official statistics, the country’s electricity shortage gone up 1000 megawatts (MW) to 1259 MW with the demand of 4806 MW on 2006. Authority said this year (2009) about 1400 MW to 1800 MW electricity shortage will face this year, which is almost twice more than last year and the country need about 5000 MW. So this summer we might face the problem that we have not face last ten years. In Bangladesh electricity power is not generate as much as our demand. So every summer we face huge load shedding and people are suffering, but in winter there is almost not load shedding. In summer temperatures goes up to around 40⁰ Celsius. So in this situation if there is load-shedding of electricity people face uncertain condition.

Power Development Board (PDB) sources said while the official power demand was just 5000MW, the unofficial demand was hovering around 6000 MW. The officially estimated power demand is 5000 MW against a generation of around 3500 MW. Around 1500 MW power could not be generated due to short supply of gas to many power plants. Gas is a major concern also because several new gas-fired power plants with nearly 1000 MW generation capacity are expected to be drafted into service this year.We are expecting 200MW new power generation from May. If we cannot ensure the gas supplies, it will become meaningless PDB pointed out.

A PDB official said the real power situation was worse than the official picture. The Rural Electrification Board (REB) needs 2500 MW, but is given less than half of that. Dhaka Electricity Supply Authority (DESA) and Dhaka Electric Supply Company (DESCO) need more than 2000 MW power and the PDB needs another 2000 MW he added.

On 2007 government said by 2010 Bangladesh will be a load shedding free country. We have set a target to generate sufficient electricity by the year 2010 to reach a level where there will be no load shedding,” said Mirza Azizul Islam, finance and planning adviser. But we don’t see any result of it day by day the rate of load shedding is increasing.

Fig: Project of new power plant

There are some problems with the policy that was followed in the power sector. This sector was always under government control. Recently large scale investment from private sector was encouraged. But it did not solve the problem for various reasons. In the context of Bangladesh, this problem can easily be solved by micro enterprise or micro investment. For the success of that strategy, all types of taxes on the import and sale of generators below the capacity of 10 mega watts must be fixed at zero per cent. Banks should allow loans without mortgage for purchasing generators below 10 mw. This will create employment for the youth. They will be able to invest in small area-wise power production and distribution business. Low-priced electricity will strongly assist the boost up of cottage industry in the rural areas. Owners of these micro power plants will need employees for maintenance. In a small area, each household will be their customer and they will negotiate the price. The city corporation or the municipality will ensure the standard of service by regular inspection. This way the sufferings of the people from power shortage will decrease significantly. These investors should be exempted from income tax and vat for the first five years. This will certainly solve the power crisis. This will also provoke some self-seekers, whose interest is going to be hurt. The government should prevent them from doing anything harmful. The government should also encourage manufacturing of small capacity generators locally.

The northeast Indian state of Tripura is offering Bangladesh investment incentives, and has suggested electricity export from its under construction Palatana plant as part of recent Bangla-Indo power sharing initiatives.

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